IPv4, a protocol essential for internet communication, uses 32-bit addresses to connect devices, but its 4.3 billion unique addresses have been exhausted due to the exponential growth of internet-connected devices. This limitation necessitates workarounds like Network Address Translation (NAT) to manage address scarcity, although these solutions can complicate communications and do not resolve the fundamental issue. Security is another concern, as IPv4 lacks built-in security features, requiring additional protocols like IPSec. Routing inefficiencies also exist due to the way addresses are allocated and managed. In response to these challenges, the internet is transitioning to IPv6, which offers a vastly larger address space, built-in security, and improved routing. Techniques such as dual-stack networking, tunneling, and translation mechanisms facilitate this transition, ensuring continued internet expansion and innovation by accommodating a growing number of devices with unique addresses.