YugabyteDB outperforms CockroachDB in internet-scale transactional workloads by delivering 3.5x higher throughput and 3x lower latency compared to CockroachDB, with notable advantages in high write operations per second, low latency reads, and geographically distributed deployments. YugabyteDB excels in inserting large amounts of data concurrently, querying large datasets quickly, and handling distributed transactions efficiently, making it a suitable choice for cloud-native services building internet-scale transactional workloads.