Deploying YugabyteDB for Apache Airflow on Google Cloud involves deploying Airflow on a Google Compute Engine VM, configuring firewall rules to expose the Airflow web UI, installing Apache Airflow and setting up a GKE cluster for YugabyteDB. The Airflow backend is built on top of YugabyteDB, which provides high availability, support for multiple cloud deployment options, and high performance. The process includes building the Airflow database objects and restarting the Airflow scheduler and web server with the new YugabyteDB backend configuration. This setup enables Airflow to interact with a PostgreSQL-compatible database while avoiding single points of failure and providing improved data distribution and geo-redundancy capabilities.