Mandatory Access Control (MAC) uses a centrally managed model to provide the highest level of security, applying security labels to resources and individuals. Discretionary Access Control (DAC) decentralizes security decisions to resource owners, using access control lists (ACLs). Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) grants access privileges based on the work that individual users do, limiting access to just the resources users need to do their jobs. Privileged Access Management (PAM) is a type of RBAC designed to defend against attacks by giving administrators limited, ephemeral access privileges on an as-needed basis. As companies shift towards more dynamic approaches to access control due to remote and blended workforces, modern solutions like Twingate offer flexible and scalable alternatives to traditional VPN technology that evaluate device posture and trust, location, and behavioral patterns in real-time.