The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, allowing them to collect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet. IoT devices are special-purpose electronic devices that use sensors to inform users or owners about their status and condition, and can also remotely operate machines or systems in the physical world using actuators. Examples of IoT devices include smart home appliances, industrial equipment, retail point-of-sale terminals, and public sector infrastructure such as parking meters and security cameras. The components of an IoT device typically include a microcontroller, modem, SIM card, power supply, sensors, and actuators, which are connected to a circuit board that integrates these elements.