The Laravel framework uses Symfony's Process component to execute shell commands asynchronously, allowing for efficient execution of CLI commands without interrupting other application functions. This enables running external services like GitHub and piping multiple processes to manage concurrent tasks. The facade provides a simple interface for executing processes, with options for synchronous and asynchronous execution. Processes can be used in Laravel applications to run CLI commands, handle asynchronous commands, and pipe multiple processes. They also provide an efficient way to test command-line interfaces using fake processes and Faker data. Additionally, the Process component allows for error handling and logging of errors back into the application.