Node.js version 6.0.0 has introduced three significant features: default function parameters, rest parameters, and destructuring of objects. These features allow developers to write more concise and expressive code, reducing boilerplate and improving readability. Default function parameters enable the automatic assignment of values to function arguments if not provided, while rest parameters simplify the process of passing variable numbers of arguments into a function. Destructuring of objects enables the automatic extraction of properties from an object into variables, making it easier to work with configuration options in functions.