Backend development is crucial for the smooth functioning of web applications, handling tasks like database interactions, user authorization, and URL routing. Java, a long-standing favorite programming language, offers several backend frameworks, each with unique strengths and weaknesses. The Spring Framework is noted for its robustness and versatility, providing numerous modules and utilizing Dependency Injection and Inversion of Control for flexible configurations, though it has a steep learning curve. Struts, with its Model-View-Controller pattern, simplifies web development by reducing XML configurations, making it a good choice for beginners despite fewer available resources. Hibernate focuses on easing database interactions through abstraction layers, although it does not fully address Java Database Connectivity limitations and can be slower than pure JDBC. Despite these differences, all three frameworks are widely used, supported by active communities, and can significantly enhance backend operations for Java developers with varying levels of experience.