The ConcurrentModificationException in Java is a common exception that occurs when an object is modified concurrently without permission during iteration, often while working with Collections. This exception can happen in both multithreaded and single-threaded environments, such as when a Collection is modified while being traversed using an Iterator. An example of this is attempting to remove an element from an ArrayList using the remove() method while using an enhanced for loop, which internally uses an Iterator, leading to this exception. To resolve or avoid this exception, one can use a traditional for loop, utilize the Iterator's remove() method, or employ the Collection.removeIf() method introduced in Java 8. In multithreaded environments, using Java's concurrent collections like ConcurrentHashMap and CopyOnWriteArrayList can help prevent the exception. Additionally, tools like Rollbar can aid in tracking and managing such errors in real-time, enhancing confidence in deploying production code.