WebRTC Architecture Explained: P2P vs SFU vs MCU vs XDN

WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) technology facilitates real-time communication and low-latency video streaming in web browsers, but it faces scalability challenges that can be addressed through different architecture types. The Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architecture is simple and cost-effective, ideal for small-scale applications but limited in scalability. The Selective Forwarding Unit (SFU) offers better scalability than P2P by routing media through a server, though it is constrained by server capacity and client resource demands. The Multipoint Conferencing Unit (MCU) combines streams into a single output, easing client-side processing but incurring high server costs and limited by single-server architecture. The Experience Delivery Network (XDN) overcomes these limitations by integrating elements of both SFU and MCU in a cloud-based clustering model, facilitating large-scale, interactive experiences. XDN supports global distribution and scalability, allowing for complex applications like sports events and auctions, though it is more complex than traditional WebRTC topologies. Each architecture has distinct advantages and disadvantages, with XDN offering the most flexibility and scalability for modern applications.

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