Latency in networking technology refers to the delay in data transmission across a network and is crucial for the responsiveness of real-time applications, affecting sectors such as gaming, financial trading, and video conferencing. Low latency, typically measured in milliseconds via methods like ping and traceroute, improves the speed and interactivity of applications, with ideal latency benchmarks varying by application type. For instance, online gaming and AR/VR applications require ultra-low latency to provide a seamless experience, while video conferencing benefits from latency under 150 ms to maintain natural conversation flow. Factors contributing to latency include physical distance, data packet size, and network congestion, while improvements can be achieved through strategies like using wired connections, content delivery networks, caching, and edge computing. The relationship between latency, bandwidth, and throughput is interconnected, as bandwidth capacity affects latency, with higher bandwidth reducing delays. Companies like PubNub enhance real-time application performance by offering solutions that ensure low latency and high reliability, leveraging global data centers to maintain consistent service levels.