Clean Code with Rust & Axum

Using a Rust Axum endpoint that authenticates a user and saves a URL as a practical example, the post demonstrates how iterative refactoring can turn a crowded route handler into a concise, reusable design. It moves authentication-header extraction and verification into a custom `FromRequestParts` implementation for `User`, allowing protected routes to declare a `User` parameter instead of repeating authorization logic, while noting that body-consuming extractors such as JSON must appear last. It then replaces explicit database-result matching with Rust’s `?` operator by introducing an application error type that converts database errors and implements `IntoResponse` to produce HTTP error responses. Finally, the SQL operation is moved into a database-layer method, leaving the route responsible for coordinating request data, authentication, persistence, and its route-specific response. The resulting structure improves readability, reuse across future routes, and separation of concerns, though the post notes that explicit error handling may still be preferable when a route must distinguish among several failure cases.

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