The New Relic Go instrumentation series provides tips and best practices for instrumenting Golang applications faster. The series includes a workshop-style blog, videos, and hands-on labs to help developers understand the fundamentals of transactions and segments, which are crucial concepts in understanding Go integrations and examples. Transactions represent logical units of work in an application, while segments are specific parts of a transaction that can be measured for performance insights. Custom attributes, modularizing instrumentation, and using middleware layers are also discussed as key strategies for optimizing Golang applications with New Relic.