Root cause analysis is a method used to identify and address breakdowns in processes and systems that contribute to adverse incidents. It involves an in-depth process of finding teams involved, reviewing data from monitoring tools, and taking corrective action to prevent future occurrences. The five whys technique, Fishbone diagrams, Pareto charts, and other tools are used to determine the root cause. Effective root cause analysis can improve customer experience, reduce costs, and enhance efficiency. It also involves best practices such as defining a clear problem statement, gathering relevant data, identifying the root cause, implementing solutions, documenting actions, and tracking progress. Utilizing full-stack observability tools like New Relic can help drive faster resolution and prevent future incidents from recurring.