Cloud modernization is an ongoing process that involves continually evaluating and optimizing cloud applications, infrastructure, and services to achieve business and IT goals. It's not a one-time, one-size-fits-all proposition, but rather a continuous commitment that requires full-stack observability to cope with the increasing complexity of cloud systems. Modernization approaches include rehosting, replatforming, and refactoring, which aim to transform legacy applications into something more agile, elastic, and available. Continual modernization is worth the effort, as it can lead to significant benefits such as cost reductions, faster deployment cycles, and improved customer experience. However, moving to the cloud is only the first step, and organizations must continue to modernize and optimize their applications to achieve the full benefits of the cloud. Observability is key to successful cloud modernization, enabling real-time monitoring and analytics to drive agility within development and operations practices. A structured approach to developing a cloud modernization strategy involves assessment and analysis, defining objectives, selecting the right cloud model, migration planning, security and compliance, optimization and cost management, continuous improvement, monitoring and maintenance, and ongoing evaluation and iteration. Successful cloud modernization never ends, requiring a robust DevOps strategy and practice that delivers deep, real-time, full-stack observability to drive business success in the cloud.