Graph databases and relational databases have different structures, query languages, and performance characteristics. Relational databases excel at handling structured data operations with simple relationships, traditional business operations, and fixed schema requirements. Graph databases are better suited for connected data exploration, knowledge graphs, variable data structures, and pattern-based queries, making them ideal for applications that require flexible schemas, efficient handling of interconnected data, and seamless horizontal scaling. Understanding the differences between these database types is crucial for selecting the right tool for specific data access patterns.