How to fix the Salesforce INVALID_SESSION_ID error

The INVALID_SESSION_ID error in Salesforce API integration arises when a Salesforce REST API call returns a 401 Unauthorized status due to issues like expired tokens, incorrect instance URLs, IP address locks, API Client Control restrictions, revoked sessions, or the org being in Read-Only Application Test Mode. Salesforce requires a valid session, correct REST endpoint, and appropriate network environment for successful REST requests, failing which results in this error. Common solutions include refreshing tokens using the refresh token from the initial OAuth response, using the correct instance URL from the token response, disabling IP locks for backend integrations, allowing the Connected App at the org level, and prompting reauthentication if a session is revoked. Proactive measures involve refreshing tokens before expiration, using instance URLs from token responses, and managing concurrency during token refreshes. Tools like Nango can automate handling these issues by managing token refreshes, instance URL enforcement, and providing observability through logging API calls.

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