The text discusses the fundamental differences between relational databases (RDBMS) and MongoDB, a NoSQL database that uses JSON documents as its primary data structure. Unlike RDBMS, which structures data into tables and rows, MongoDB stores data in collections of JSON documents. This allows for more flexible and dynamic data modeling, with features such as arrays and nested sub-objects. The text also explores the concept of normal forms, which are used to ensure data consistency and integrity in RDBMS, but can be bypassed or modified in MongoDB due to its denormalized nature. The author argues that MongoDB's JSON document structure provides a more natural representation of data, eliminating the need for joins, referential integrity, and multi-record ACID transactions.