The MongoDB Blog has outlined 12 different data modeling patterns for building with patterns in MongoDB. These patterns are designed to solve specific problems and provide benefits, such as improved performance or reduced writes to the database. The patterns include Approximation, Attribute, Bucket, Computed, Document Versioning, Extended Reference, Outlier, Pre-allocation, Polymorphic, Schema Versioning, Subset, and Tree. Each pattern has its own pros and cons, and some can be used together to further enhance performance. By understanding these patterns and how they can be applied to specific use cases, developers can harness the flexibility of the MongoDB document model and build more efficient and scalable applications.