JavaScript can throw a TypeError when operations are attempted between incompatible data types, such as trying to convert a number to uppercase using the `toUpperCase()` method, which is intended for strings. To resolve such errors, one can first convert the number to a string using the `toString()` method or by using the `new String()` constructor before applying string methods. The text also highlights various TypeError issues that can arise across different browsers when using functions like `console.log()`, `prompt()`, and `confirm()`, demonstrating inconsistencies in function expectations and handling across Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Internet Explorer. Saif Sadiq, who specializes in product growth at LambdaTest, is mentioned as the author.