In the realm of AI agents, effective context management has emerged as a critical factor in optimizing performance, overshadowing even the choice of model. This shift from "prompt engineering" to "context engineering" reflects the complexity of managing an AI's context window, akin to a computer's RAM, which stores immediate information essential for generating responses. Production AI agents process extensive input data, approximately 100 tokens for every token they generate, necessitating meticulous context engineering to avoid common pitfalls like context poisoning, distraction, confusion, and clash. The distinction between context and memory is crucial, with context serving as the volatile, immediate working memory, while memory represents long-term storage requiring explicit retrieval. Strategies like offloading, context isolation, retrieval, pruning, and caching are employed to manage context effectively, each with specific trade-offs, while metrics provided by platforms like Galileo help evaluate and enhance agent performance by offering comprehensive observability into agent interactions. As context windows expand and retrieval techniques improve, the boundary between context and memory blurs, underscoring the need for intentional memory design and retrieval strategies to maintain system reliability and efficiency.