What is vector data in GIS? Definition, types, and examples

Vector data is a crucial geospatial format used in geographic information systems (GIS) to represent precise digital objects and geographic features, such as zoning boundaries, delivery routes, and utility lines, through points, lines, and polygons. Unlike raster data, which uses a grid of cells, vector data employs exact coordinates and vertices to model discrete objects, offering high positional precision and lightweight data storage. This precision allows for granular spatial analysis, enabling teams to query and filter features for practical applications, such as deciding where to build new infrastructure based on existing facilities and access routes. Various vector data formats, including Shapefile, GeoJSON, KML, KMZ, GeoPackage, and file geodatabase, serve different needs, from web applications to complex GIS projects. Vector data supports critical decisions in urban planning, environmental monitoring, transportation, real estate, and utilities by providing clear, queryable layers that facilitate efficient and informed decision-making. Despite its utility, vector data often remains confined within traditional GIS tools, prompting platforms like Felt to offer cloud-based GIS solutions that enable easy map creation, sharing, and analysis, making spatial data accessible and interactive for broader planning and decision-making teams.