The text discusses the challenges and solutions related to using large-scale data operations for law enforcement and national security investigations, emphasizing the importance of speed and scalability in accessing sensitive data. It highlights the role of privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) in overcoming hurdles associated with data privacy and security, allowing agencies to conduct confidential investigations without transferring massive data sets to their own infrastructure. Tools like Duality's Zero Footprint Investigation software leverage PETs, such as homomorphic encryption, to enable secure analysis of third-party data while maintaining confidentiality. This approach helps agencies improve investigation quality and speed without the need for costly and risky data transfers, providing a more efficient means of collaboration across various sectors. The text also underscores the importance of maintaining privacy and security in these operations to uphold public trust and prevent potential leaks that could compromise investigations.