Policy-based access control (PBAC) is an advanced identity and access management approach designed to offer dynamic and finely-tuned authorization by referencing centrally governed policies and considering contextual inputs like user identity and location. Unlike static models like role-based access control (RBAC) or attribute-based access control (ABAC), PBAC adapts to hybrid workforces and multi-cloud systems, ensuring secure, scalable, and compliant access management. It provides fine-grained control and centralized consistency, making it easier to manage permissions across complex environments and improve operational efficiency. However, PBAC presents challenges such as complexity in policy creation, potential performance strain, and the risk of policy sprawl, which require robust governance and testing strategies to mitigate. Common use cases include healthcare, finance, government, and multi-tenant SaaS platforms, where PBAC can enforce compliance and streamline access management. An effective PBAC implementation involves centralized policy management, simulation and testing prior to deployment, integration with existing identity systems, and regular policy updates to maintain security and adaptability as organizational needs evolve.