Distributed Databases: An Overview - The Couchbase Blog

A distributed database is a system where data is stored across multiple servers or nodes and managed as a single logical database, offering advantages such as horizontal scalability and high availability through automatic data replication. This approach contrasts with vertical scaling, where a single machine is upgraded to handle increased load, which can lead to downtime and performance limitations. Distributed databases utilize two main architectures: primary/secondary, where one node handles all writes and other nodes serve as read replicas, and shared-nothing, where data is partitioned across nodes without a single point of bottleneck. Shared-nothing architecture, used by systems like Couchbase, involves sharding data into partitions called shards or vBuckets, which are distributed across nodes to improve load management and fault tolerance. This method allows for elastic scalability by adding or removing nodes as needed and offers a solution to the challenges posed by traditional relational databases, which struggle with distributing tightly coupled data. NoSQL databases often employ shared-nothing architectures to achieve high availability and clustering, trading off strict data coupling for greater flexibility and scalability.

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