The secret to migrations

Convex migrations are necessary when schema changes would conflict with existing JSON documents, because Convex deploys schemas and application functions atomically and enforces explicit schema validation at runtime to support zero-downtime updates. The recommended approach is to first loosen the schema, such as making a new field optional or widening a field into a union, update functions to handle old and new data forms, run a batched data migration to backfill or transform existing documents, and then tighten the schema once all records conform. Some changes do not require migrations, including changes to empty tables, making schemas more permissive, or removing optional fields that have never been populated. Dropping fields is more complex than dropping SQL columns because Convex stores documents as JSON objects, potentially requiring scans and rewrites of all affected documents. Convex provides a migrations component for batched row processing and AI-oriented tooling to help automate the workflow, while failed migrations are generally easier to roll back before data changes begin and safer to roll forward after data has been transformed.

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