A2A vs. MCP Isn't a Debate. It's a Layering Decision

The debate between Agent-to-Agent (A2A) and Model Context Protocol (MCP) within the agent ecosystem is often oversimplified into a binary choice, whereas they actually represent distinct layers with different functions: MCP as the constant execution layer and A2A as the optional coordination layer. The recent MCP release, dated July 28, 2026, enhances tool layer capabilities like stateless scaling and async tasks without altering its foundational role, while A2A remains a development-focused coordination protocol for multi-agent systems across different teams or organizations. MCP has established itself as the default standard for agent-to-tool connectivity, widely adopted and supported by major tech companies, whereas A2A is still in early adoption stages with potential for growth. The real architectural decision lies in determining which layers a system needs based on specific use cases, such as whether there's a need for agent coordination or simply execution of tasks. The discussion around identity, both user and agent, remains unresolved, highlighting a need for flexible enforcement practices that are not tied to any single identity standard. Arcade.dev positions itself as a runtime that supports MCP's tool layer independently of protocol dependencies, emphasizing the separation of coordination and execution for effective policy enforcement and identity management.

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