Understanding SOLID principles in software design

SOLID principles are five object-oriented design practices that aim to create maintainable, adaptable, and scalable software by addressing common coding challenges. These principles, conceptualized by Robert C. Martin, include the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP), which encourages each class to have a single, focused task, thus simplifying maintenance and testing. The Open-Closed Principle (OCP) promotes extending functionality through new classes without altering existing code, enhancing scalability. The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) ensures that subclasses can replace their parent classes without affecting the system's behavior, preventing unexpected code breakage. Interface Segregation Principle (ISP) advocates for small, focused interfaces to minimize unnecessary dependencies, while the Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) suggests relying on abstractions rather than concrete implementations to improve flexibility. Together, these principles lead to cleaner, more modular code, reducing technical debt and facilitating easier adaptation to new requirements, which is especially beneficial for building microservices and cloud-ready systems.