In pre-modern databases, traditional relational databases support SQL but don't scale out, while NoSQL databases scale out but don't support SQL. Online transaction processing (OLTP) emerged as a way to enable database customers to create an interactive experience for users. OLTP systems were designed to handle large amounts of data and transactions, with key requirements including reliability, scalability, and the ability to run complex queries quickly. However, traditional relational databases struggled to scale, leading to the emergence of OLAP systems that could handle analytics workloads more efficiently. NoSQL databases offered scalability, no schema, and big data support, but came at a cost, including lack of SQL support, no transactions, and slow analytics. Modern databases, such as NewSQL systems like SingleStore, are designed to address these challenges and provide a new workload, operational analytics, which requires handling large amounts of data, complex queries, and high scalability.