Modern SQL databases like MySQL and Postgres use ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) principles to maintain data integrity during transactions, ensuring that operations are either completed fully or not at all, thereby preventing issues like dirty reads, non-repeatable reads, and phantom reads. ACID compliance is achieved through mechanisms like locking, which ensures that data remains consistent and isolated even when multiple transactions occur concurrently. However, with the rise of NoSQL databases such as MongoDB and Cassandra, which often operate in distributed systems, the BASE (Basically Available, Soft-State, Eventually Consistent) model has emerged as a counterpart to ACID, prioritizing availability and scalability over strict consistency. This shift reflects the growing need to handle larger data volumes efficiently, though the foundational concepts of ACID still influence database design. As developers build applications, understanding these principles is crucial for ensuring data reliability and performance, and tools like Retool provide a means to enhance functionality on top of existing SQL and NoSQL databases.