GraphQL is a versatile query language and server-side runtime that offers fine-grained control over data transactions, providing a solution to the inefficiencies of REST APIs by allowing clients to request exactly the data they need. Originally developed by Facebook to overcome the limitations of REST, GraphQL facilitates efficient data retrieval by accessing multiple tables with a single query, thus streamlining frontend-backend interactions. Since its open-source release in 2015, GraphQL has gained widespread adoption by companies like GitHub and Starbucks, and it integrates with various languages and databases, although it requires third-party libraries for database connectivity. While GraphQL offers advantages such as reducing over-fetching and under-fetching of data and simplifying nested data queries, it presents challenges like a higher complexity floor and less intuitive error handling compared to REST. Nonetheless, GraphQL's ability to improve data access efficiency makes it a desirable option for diverse applications, especially in scenarios requiring complex data interrelationships, although developers must address certain limitations like caching and file uploading through additional solutions.