An Israeli queue is an innovative data structure that extends the concept of simple priority queues by incorporating the idea of "friendship" between tasks, allowing them to be grouped together. This structure is inspired by the informal way people queue in Israel, where individuals often wait with friends, and applies this concept to tasks with high set-up costs. In these queues, tasks are grouped based on their relationships, and the set-up cost is only counted once for the whole group, reducing overall costs when executing related tasks. This approach is particularly beneficial in scenarios like medical imaging, where combining multiple scans for a single patient minimizes set-up costs, or in industrial printing, where grouping jobs by color reduces the time and cost involved in switching inks. The Israeli queue structure organizes items into groups, adjusts their priorities based on friendships, and ensures that the execution of friend tasks is more efficient, making it a practical tool for situations with significant set-up expenditures.