What are the event loop and call stack in JavaScript?

JavaScript, despite being a single-threaded language, efficiently handles asynchronous operations through its runtime architecture comprising the call stack, Web APIs, task queues, and the event loop. The call stack manages synchronous execution, but the language's real strength lies in its ability to delegate asynchronous tasks to browser-provided Web APIs, which operate outside the core runtime. These tasks are then queued in the task queue, and the event loop ensures they are executed without blocking the main thread. JavaScript also employs a microtask queue for modern asynchronous features like promises, which have higher priority and are processed before tasks in the task queue. Additionally, Web Workers enable the execution of heavy computational tasks in separate threads, ensuring a smooth user experience by freeing the main thread for user interactions and DOM manipulations. By understanding and leveraging these components, developers can write more efficient and predictable JavaScript code, optimizing application performance and user interactivity.