Methods for deep cloning objects in JavaScript

In JavaScript, objects are mutable data types that are stored in memory, allowing for complex data structures through reference copying, unlike primitive data types which are immutable and copied by value. This characteristic necessitates different methods for cloning objects, categorized into shallow and deep copying. Shallow copying, using methods like `Object.assign()` and the spread syntax, copies an object's properties but retains references to nested objects, which means changes to nested properties in the original object will reflect in the copied object. Deep cloning, however, creates independent copies of nested objects, achieved through libraries like Lodash's `cloneDeep()` function or native methods such as the structured cloning algorithm. While JSON.parse/stringify can be used for deep cloning, it has limitations with complex data types. Understanding these methods allows developers to manage data structures effectively and avoid unintended side effects when manipulating objects.