The article explores various techniques for copying objects in JavaScript and TypeScript, emphasizing the importance of creating new objects to avoid unintended side effects in functional programming. It details five methods: shallow copy, which retains references and can lead to unexpected changes; deep copy, which eliminates references and is useful for objects with nested or non-primitive data types; assigning with Object.assign() to replicate or add properties without altering the original object; merging, which combines properties of objects even when deeply nested; and structured cloning, a newer technique that deeply copies objects and is useful for asynchronous data validation or transfer. Each method is explained with examples in both JavaScript and TypeScript, demonstrating when and how to use them effectively. The article underscores the significance of objects in organizing and transmitting data and encourages developers to consider these techniques for different use cases.