In the article, Ugo Sangiorgi discusses strategies for managing log data in Elasticsearch to prevent mapping explosion, a situation where excessive and unnecessary fields are indexed, leading to inefficient use of resources. Sangiorgi outlines three main approaches: setting a strict mapping that rejects documents with undeclared fields, using a flexible approach that accepts all documents but indexes only specified fields, and employing Runtime Fields to make extra fields searchable only at query time, thereby balancing performance with mapping complexity. Each strategy offers distinct advantages and limitations, with the choice depending on specific use cases. The article emphasizes the importance of managing log data effectively to achieve better observability and suggests using Elastic Cloud for optimal performance in handling large data sets.