LLM Model Architecture Explained: Transformers to MoE

Large language models (LLMs) have evolved significantly, transitioning from simple statistical predictors to sophisticated systems capable of reasoning and interacting with external tools. Modern LLM architectures are built on transformers, sparse experts, and retrieval systems, which enhance their ability to handle long documents and multi-modal tasks. Innovations like mixture-of-experts (MoE) layers and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) improve both efficiency and factual accuracy. Techniques such as parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT), including LoRA and QLoRA, allow model customization with minimal hardware. Additionally, agentic AI and multi-agent architectures enable autonomous decision-making, while safety and fairness mechanisms ensure compliance and reduce biases. Clarifai's platform integrates these advancements, offering pre-built components and tools for efficient deployment and model management, thereby positioning itself at the forefront of AI model innovation and application.